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The Bank of Baroda (BoB) was established on July 20, 1908, by the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III, in the princely state of Baroda, now Vadodara, Gujarat. Initially a private-sector bank, it was founded with the collaboration of prominent industry stalwarts of the time. The bank grew domestically, and in the post-World War II era, it began its international expansion, notably establishing branches in East Africa starting in the 1950s to serve the Indian diaspora. The bank's status was fundamentally altered on July 19, 1969, when the Government of India nationalized it along with 13 other major commercial banks, designating it a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU).

Today, Bank of Baroda remains a publicly traded, government-owned institution, with the Government of India holding a majority stake. It is a major pillar of the country's banking industry, currently positioned as the second-largest public sector bank in India after the State Bank of India. Its significance was amplified by the 2019 three-way merger with Dena Bank and Vijaya Bank, a move that created one of the largest lenders in the country. BoB maintains a substantial domestic network of over 8,000 branches and is notable for its international presence, operating globally to serve millions of customers.